Tag: deacon rudys notes

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One Bread One Body

A shadow image of person against a sunlit background with the words now you are the body of christ and each one of you is a part of it on the body

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Solemnity of the Body and Blood of Christ Mass Readings

First Reading: Deuteronomy 8:2-3, 14B-16A
Responsorial: Psalm 147: 12-15, 19-20
Second Reading: 1 Corinthians 10:16-17
Gospel: John 6:51-58

http://www.usccb.org/bible/readings/061420.cfm
https://www.deaconrudysnotes.org/

Today we celebrate the Most Holy Body and Blood of Jesus in the Eucharist. We have this incredible gift in the Eucharist which we can receive every single day, so, today we pause to focus on the Eucharist. Just like with anniversaries and birthdays, I think it’s important to step back at least once a year and celebrate the gift of the Eucharist lest we take it for granted.

Now it’s very easy to get lost in an interesting theological or philosophical discussion about the Eucharist. But while I think there’s a time and a place for that, our purpose is to try to understand how the Gospel message applies to us here and now – to do as the Second Vatican Council teaches us – to read the signs of the times.

First, what do we know about the Eucharist? It’s wildly important to Christians. The Eucharist is, as the Catechism reminds us, the “source and summit of Christian life,” (CCC, 1324) Why? Because for Catholics as well as some other Christians, the Eucharist is the body, blood, soul and divinity of Jesus. How do we know that? Because Jesus tells us so in today’s Gospel passage from John. This passage where Jesus describes eating his flesh and drinking his blood connects to the Last Supper described in the other Gospel accounts.

But if we believe – I mean if we really believe that what we receive in the Eucharist is the body, blood, soul and divinity of Jesus, then it should change you. It should change me. How?

Well, St. Paul gives us a bit of clue in our second reading from First Corinthians. Paul tells us, “The bread that we break, is it not a participation in the body of Christ? Because the loaf of bread is one, we, though many, are one body, for we all partake of the one loaf. (1 Cor 10:16-17).

When we participate in the Eucharist, we become the one body of Christ.

That’s mind-blowing! We become one. But it is also a sobering idea, especially in the wake of George Floyd’s murder in the U.S. Why is it sobering? Because through our faith in Christ Jesus and the precious gift of the Eucharist, we are united through Jesus to the Father forever. We are united with people of color, with Hispanics, with criminals, with illegal aliens, we are all united through Jesus with the Father.

You see, through the Church’s mission of evangelization, and by “church” I mean you and me and all believers, we are called to bring the message of salvation to everyone so that they might have all their hurts and sins reconciled, just like you and just like me. Through Jesus, there is no “black” or “white” or “brown” or English or Spanish or borders or democrats or republicans or gay or straight or whatever it is that separates and divides us. All disciples of Jesus are united as one body in Christ. When I stop to think about that, it makes all the labels I’ve been taught since I was a child seem silly.

Where do we go from here? I don’t know. But what I can tell you is that as a people of faith, we are called to advocate for the common good. We should actively work through our participation in the electoral process to help bring about a just society where the dignity of the human person created in the image and likeness of God is recognized in all humans – recognized and respected. Working through the electoral process doesn’t just mean voting. We should get to know our elected officials. We should write letters, send emails, make phone calls, etc. Advocating for the common good is every believer’s responsibility.

We are a eucharistic people and that has consequences, not only in how I live my life, but also how I relate to those around me and how I participate in civic life. The Eucharist reminds us that black lives matter – that all lives matter – because we are all united into the one body of Christ to the Father. This is not just an idea, but a core aspect of our faith. The horror of George Floyd’s murder and the outrage that has spilled into our streets is a sad reminder that Christians have a lot of work to do.

Homework! Nourished by Christ present in the Word of God and in the Eucharist, I encourage you to reflect on the following questions.

  1. The bread that I will give is my flesh for the life of the world. How can I give of myself more freely and more generously? How can I be more responsive to the needs of those who live far from me?
  2. Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you do not have life within you. What religious practices strengthen my faith? What religious practices strengthen my resolve to follow God’s will for me?
  3. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me and I in him. When do I feel closest to God? When do I feel most distant?

I think doing our homework will help us experience true discipleship. Do you get it? Do you get it? Good! Now go make disciples! May Almighty God bless you, Father, Son and Holy Spirit! +Amen!

Image Credit: Unknown. JPEG file.

References:
1. Lectio Divina Of The Gospels. Washington, D.C.: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2019.
2. Martin, Francis and William M. Wright IV. The Gospel of John. Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2015.
3. Montague, George T., SM. First Corinthians. Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2011.
4. The Bible: A Study Bible freshly translated by Nicholas King. Buxhall, Suffolk UK: Kevin Mayhew, 2013.

Catechism References http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc.htm:
1. The Holy Eucharist, 790, 1003, 1322-1419
2. The Eucharist and the communion of believers, 805, 950, 2181-2182, 2637, 2845
3. Real presence in the Eucharist, 1088, 1377-81
4. The Eucharist as spiritual food, 1212, 1275, 1436, 2837
5. Eucharist is “the source and summit of the Christian life”, 1324
6. Signs and institution of the Eucharist, 1333-40
7. The Eucharist as sacrificial memorial of Christ’s presence, 1362-78
8. Fruits of Holy Communion, 1391-98
9. The Eucharist makes the Church one body, 1396

Solemnity of the Body and Blood of Christ
Mass Readings: http://www.usccb.org/bible/readings/061420.cfm
Lectionary: 167

First Reading
Deuteronomy 8:2-3, 14B-16A
Moses said to the people:
“Remember how for forty years now the LORD, your God,
has directed all your journeying in the desert,
so as to test you by affliction
and find out whether or not it was your intention
to keep his commandments.
He therefore let you be afflicted with hunger,
and then fed you with manna,
a food unknown to you and your fathers,
in order to show you that not by bread alone does one live,
but by every word that comes forth from the mouth of the LORD.

“Do not forget the LORD, your God,
who brought you out of the land of Egypt,
that place of slavery;
who guided you through the vast and terrible desert
with its saraph serpents and scorpions,
its parched and waterless ground;
who brought forth water for you from the flinty rock
and fed you in the desert with manna,
a food unknown to your fathers.”

Responsorial
Psalm 147:12-13, 14-15, 19-20
R. (12) Praise the Lord, Jerusalem.
or:
R. Alleluia.
Glorify the LORD, O Jerusalem;
praise your God, O Zion.
For he has strengthened the bars of your gates;
he has blessed your children within you.
R. Praise the Lord, Jerusalem.
or:
R. Alleluia.
He has granted peace in your borders;
with the best of wheat he fills you.
He sends forth his command to the earth;
swiftly runs his word!
R. Praise the Lord, Jerusalem.
or:
R. Alleluia.
He has proclaimed his word to Jacob,
his statutes and his ordinances to Israel.
He has not done thus for any other nation;
his ordinances he has not made known to them. Alleluia.
R. Praise the Lord, Jerusalem.
or:
R. Alleluia.

Second Reading
1 Corinthians 10:16-17
Brothers and sisters:
The cup of blessing that we bless,
is it not a participation in the blood of Christ?
The bread that we break,
is it not a participation in the body of Christ?
Because the loaf of bread is one,
we, though many, are one body,
for we all partake of the one loaf.

Sequence
Lauda Sion

Laud, O Zion, your salvation,
Laud with hymns of exultation,
Christ, your king and shepherd true:

Bring him all the praise you know,
He is more than you bestow.
Never can you reach his due.

Special theme for glad thanksgiving
Is the quick’ning and the living
Bread today before you set:

From his hands of old partaken,
As we know, by faith unshaken,
Where the Twelve at supper met.

Full and clear ring out your chanting,
Joy nor sweetest grace be wanting,
From your heart let praises burst:

For today the feast is holden,
When the institution olden
Of that supper was rehearsed.

Here the new law’s new oblation,
By the new king’s revelation,
Ends the form of ancient rite:

Now the new the old effaces,
Truth away the shadow chases,
Light dispels the gloom of night.

What he did at supper seated,
Christ ordained to be repeated,
His memorial ne’er to cease:

And his rule for guidance taking,
Bread and wine we hallow, making
Thus our sacrifice of peace.

This the truth each Christian learns,
Bread into his flesh he turns,
To his precious blood the wine:

Sight has fail’d, nor thought conceives,
But a dauntless faith believes,
Resting on a pow’r divine.

Here beneath these signs are hidden
Priceless things to sense forbidden;
Signs, not things are all we see:

Blood is poured and flesh is broken,
Yet in either wondrous token
Christ entire we know to be.

Whoso of this food partakes,
Does not rend the Lord nor breaks;
Christ is whole to all that taste:

Thousands are, as one, receivers,
One, as thousands of believers,
Eats of him who cannot waste.

Bad and good the feast are sharing,
Of what divers dooms preparing,
Endless death, or endless life.

Life to these, to those damnation,
See how like participation
Is with unlike issues rife.

When the sacrament is broken,
Doubt not, but believe ‘tis spoken,
That each sever’d outward token
doth the very whole contain.

Nought the precious gift divides,
Breaking but the sign betides
Jesus still the same abides,
still unbroken does remain.

The shorter form of the sequence begins here.

Lo! the angel’s food is given
To the pilgrim who has striven;
see the children’s bread from heaven,
which on dogs may not be spent.

Truth the ancient types fulfilling,
Isaac bound, a victim willing,
Paschal lamb, its lifeblood spilling,
manna to the fathers sent.

Very bread, good shepherd, tend us,
Jesu, of your love befriend us,
You refresh us, you defend us,
Your eternal goodness send us
In the land of life to see.

You who all things can and know,
Who on earth such food bestow,
Grant us with your saints, though lowest,
Where the heav’nly feast you show,
Fellow heirs and guests to be. Amen. Alleluia.

Alleluia
John 6:51
R. Alleluia, alleluia.
I am the living bread that came down from heaven, says the Lord;
whoever eats this bread will live forever.
R. Alleluia, alleluia.

Gospel
John 6:51-58
Jesus said to the Jewish crowds:
“I am the living bread that came down from heaven;
whoever eats this bread will live forever;
and the bread that I will give
is my flesh for the life of the world.”

The Jews quarreled among themselves, saying,
“How can this man give us his flesh to eat?”
Jesus said to them,
“Amen, amen, I say to you,
unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood,
you do not have life within you.
Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood
has eternal life,
and I will raise him on the last day.
For my flesh is true food,
and my blood is true drink.
Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood
remains in me and I in him.
Just as the living Father sent me
and I have life because of the Father,
so also the one who feeds on me
will have life because of me.
This is the bread that came down from heaven.
Unlike your ancestors who ate and still died,
whoever eats this bread will live forever.”

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Living the Trinity

hands of people of different races holding a globe

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The Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity Mass Readings
First Reading: Exodus 34:4B-6, 8-9
Responsorial: Daniel 3:52-56
Second Reading: 2 Corinthians 13:11-13
Gospel: John 3:16-18

http://www.usccb.org/bible/readings/060720.cfm
https://www.deaconrudysnotes.org/

The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with all of you. These Trinitarian words of Paul that we find in our second reading today are so important that they are part of the beginning of every mass and they set the tone for the love and peace for which all Christians strive.

To summarize G.K. Chesterton, Trinity is a technically correct way of saying, God is love. As we look around the world this year at all the natural disasters like the earthquakes in Puerto Rico, the wildfires that ravaged the Amazon and Australia, a number of humanitarian crises around the world like in Yemen, Venezuela and the US southern border, to the COVID-19 pandemic, a new Ebola outbreak in the Congo, and now to the brutal murder of George Floyd that has sparked widespread civil unrest across the United States, it is difficult to see love.

The Trinity is the key to understanding our Christian faith, but if we don’t consider how the Trinity is applicable in our every day lives, then we reduce it to nothing more than a philosophical concept.

Before we try to wade into these rather deep, and perhaps viscous waters, let’s make sure we’re all on the same page. Feel free to answer along with me. Do you accept that God is love? Yes. Do you accept that we are all created in the image and likeness of God? Yes. Do you accept conversion is a lifelong process of trying to do good and avoid evil? Yes.

Good! Now that that’s out of the way, what is unconscious bias? An unconscious bias is a learned stereotype that is automatic, unintentional, deeply ingrained, universal, and able to influence behavior. It could cause us to look at someone in a way that is not image and likeness of God. So, unconscious bias is something the discerning Christian struggles against. To put it another way, when we perform an examination of conscience, we need to move beyond a sin, like I bit my sister and kicked the dog, or I kicked my sister and bit the dog, and try to get at the root causes of sin. St. Ignatius and St. Teresa of Avila and perhaps other saints challenge us to examine root causes of sin in our lives. If we do this, we are better able to seek authentic reconciliation and experience the consolation of the Holy Spirit.

That’s important to understand because unconscious bias can stand in the way of us experiencing the God who is love. Take a homeless person for example. I can’t speak for others, but in the United States, the idea that we are each responsible for our own lives and that we should pick ourselves up by our bootstraps is a common sentiment. This idea can help shape my unconscious bias against the homeless, for example. Were I not aware of it and if during my formation before ordination I hadn’t spent time living on the streets with the homeless, then I might look at a homeless person and immediately judge them as a loser, an alcoholic, a druggie. I might even think to myself, “It’s their own fault that they’re living on the streets.”

Please don’t get me wrong I’m not suggesting that there aren’t things in our control that could increase or reduce the likelihood of ending up homeless. But at the core of writing off a homeless person can be a dehumanizing feeling – that somehow they are less than me.

I’ve heard similar language – even from people in my own extended family – about illegal immigrants. That because they break the law by entering the country illegally, they are somehow less than me – less than human – not worthy of our concern.

Now, there’s no clearer example of unconscious bias than racism. Think about Mr. George Floyd. The civil unrest across the United States is not because he was accused of a crime and arrested. No! The country is exploding because something caused a police officer to kneel on Mr. Floyd and kill him. Maybe it was a conscious bias, an unconscious bias, or some hybrid of the two, but people believe that Mr. Floyd was killed because of the color of his skin. All too often, racism can be an automatic, unintentional, deeply ingrained reaction to someone who is different from us. It dehumanizes the other person. Enough is enough!

Where do we go from here? I suggest to you that our faith in the Trinity gives us a way forward. If the Trinity is a community of love, then I am called as a Christian to love those around me – not just my family and friends, but everyone. I’m not talking about some wishy-washy campfire where we all sing kumbaya. Real love modeled on our Gospel John 3:16 means I’m willing to sacrifice for your benefit, not mine. Real love means I’m not afraid to hold you accountable when you do something wrong. Real loves means I will not treat you like you’re beneath me because you break the rules, or you look or sound different from me.

How do I get there? One path that the Catholic tradition gives us is called an examination of conscience. Trying to understand the root causes of sin in our lives – especially if we catch ourselves judging someone on first appearances – is a good step toward healing the wounds of division among us and a great way to experience real consolation of the Spirit. Exchanging the sign of peace that we find in our second reading, another influence on the mass, becomes an act of love when we work to identify and weed out unconscious bias from our lives. I suggest to you that experiencing and sharing the love of the Trinity is the best way forward.

Homework! Nourished by the Word of God and the Eucharist, I encourage you to reflect on the following questions.

  1. God so loved the world that he gave his only Son. How can I share God’s love with the world? How am I willing to give myself to love?
  2. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world might be saved through him. Whom have I judged too harshly? How can I engage the broader culture in faith?
  3. Whoever believes in him will not be condemned. Do I know anyone who is searching for God? How can I accompany them on their journey?

I think doing our homework will help us experience authentic discipleship. Do you get it? Do you get it? Good! Now go make disciples! May Almighty God bless you, Father, Son and Holy Spirit! +Amen!

Image Credit: Unknown. JPEG file.

Learning Opportunities:
1. Francis. Amoris Laetitia. Vatican.va. 2016. https://w2.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20160319_amoris-laetitia_en.pdf.
2. Walk by Faith Wednesday Webinars with Deacon Harold, #06 Catholic Response to Racism.” 03 June 2020. Video, 1:04:06. https://youtu.be/V861OUAIlls.

References:
1. Lectio Divina Of The Gospels. Washington, D.C.: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2019.
2. Martin, Francis and William M. Wright IV. The Gospel of John. Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2015.
3. Stegman, Thomas D., SJ. Second Corinthians. Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2009.
4. The Bible: A Study Bible freshly translated by Nicholas King. Buxhall, Suffolk UK: Kevin Mayhew, 2013.

Catechism References http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc.htm:
1. Faith as a grace, 153
2. The mystery of the Trinity, 202, 232-60, 684, 732
3. The Trinity in the Church and her liturgy, 249, 813, 950, 1077-1109, 2845
4. Name of the Holy Spirit, 691
5. Symbols of the Holy Spirit, 694
6. Baptism, 1214-16
7. Baptism mask us a new creature, 1265-66
8. The Trinity and prayer, 2655, 2664-72
9. The family as an image of the Trinity, 2205

The Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity
Mass Readings: http://www.usccb.org/bible/readings/060720.cfm
Lectionary: 164

Reading 1
Exodus 34:4B-6, 8-9
Early in the morning Moses went up Mount Sinai
as the LORD had commanded him,
taking along the two stone tablets.

Having come down in a cloud, the LORD stood with Moses there
and proclaimed his name, “LORD.”
Thus the LORD passed before him and cried out,
“The LORD, the LORD, a merciful and gracious God,
slow to anger and rich in kindness and fidelity.”
Moses at once bowed down to the ground in worship.
Then he said, “If I find favor with you, O Lord,
do come along in our company.
This is indeed a stiff-necked people; yet pardon our wickedness and sins,
and receive us as your own.”

Responsorial
Daniel 3:52, 53, 54, 55, 56
R. (52b) Glory and praise for ever!
Blessed are you, O Lord, the God of our fathers,
praiseworthy and exalted above all forever;
And blessed is your holy and glorious name,
praiseworthy and exalted above all for all ages.
R. Glory and praise for ever!
Blessed are you in the temple of your holy glory,
praiseworthy and glorious above all forever.
R. Glory and praise for ever!
Blessed are you on the throne of your kingdom,
praiseworthy and exalted above all forever.
R. Glory and praise for ever!
Blessed are you who look into the depths
from your throne upon the cherubim,
praiseworthy and exalted above all forever.
R. Glory and praise for ever!

Reading 2
2 Corinthians 13:11-13
Brothers and sisters, rejoice.
Mend your ways, encourage one another,
agree with one another, live in peace,
and the God of love and peace will be with you.
Greet one another with a holy kiss.
All the holy ones greet you.

The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ
and the love of God
and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with all of you.

Alleluia
cf Revelation 1:8
R. Alleluia, alleluia.
Glory to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit;
to God who is, who was, and who is to come.
R. Alleluia, alleluia.

Gospel
John 3:16-18
God so loved the world that he gave his only Son,
so that everyone who believes in him might not perish
but might have eternal life.
For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world,
but that the world might be saved through him.
Whoever believes in him will not be condemned,
but whoever does not believe has already been condemned,
because he has not believed in the name of the only Son of God.

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ATC 16 Why Go To Church?

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Wait what now? We have to go back to church?

Hello and welcome to another edition of All Things Catholic. I’m your host, Deacon Rudy Villarreal, and together we are going to explore what it means to be Catholic. If you have a question that you’d like me to address, send it to me. You may use the comment form on the website, or by email to rudy@deaconrudysnotes.org. I invite you to share the Good News we discuss on this podcast with everyone you know!

On today’s episode, we’re going to talk about going to church which of course isn’t specifically Catholic. During this pandemic, many of us had had the opportunity to participate in live streamed mass or church services. As regulations are slowly lifted, social distancing standards still in place mean that many churches are still live streaming. But something interesting has been going on, I think. Live streaming platforms often tell you how many people are viewing at any particular moment.

I’ve got to tell you, the numbers have not been terribly large. When our parish back home was allowed to admit some people in for mass, those numbers were fairly meager too. When added to the online viewers, it’s nowhere near the number of people who used to come to church every weekend.

Now, I know there are all sorts of reasons for this. Some people have enjoyed participating in services or masses from other churches. For Catholics, perhaps that might mean participating online in masses with the Pope livestreamed from the Vatican. Or maybe watching a livestreamed mass from New York. I’ve even heard some people say they’ve enjoyed finding very short masses – like 20-30 minutes and done.

There are people who for spiritual reasons or perhaps reasons they don’t understand, they are not drawn watch a livestreamed church service. They’ve remained devout in their own ways.

Of course, there are people who have developed a fear of all gatherings. For example, some of these people who might not be in a high risk category are so afraid of getting sick that, at least in the U.S., they’re pushing for mail-in ballots rather than showing up to the polls in November.

And there are those who only go through the motions, but their hearts were never really into church.

Whatever the reasons, this pandemic has cut us off from our communities. When social distancing is lifted, there are some who may choose never to return.

So, why go to church? For example, is God in church? I would say yes, but does that mean that God is not with me here right now or when I go to market or when I’m in my car or on a bus, a tram or a train?

As one of my favorite theologians, Michael Himes puts it, “The answer is not that God is present there and absent elsewhere, but that, since God is present everywhere, you and I need to notice, accept and celebrate that presence somewhere,” (Himes, Loc 212). He goes on to say that we notice, accept and celebrate God’s presence on Sunday – the Lord’s day, but that doesn’t mean that God takes Mondays off or plays golf on Thursdays. It means that if all time is God’s time, then we better take some time to notice it, (Himes, Loc 212).

So, if God is everywhere all the time, then why does God need us to gather and worship on Sundays? Are you ready for this? He doesn’t. We need a time and a place to pause and acknowledge God’s incredible grace at work in this world. Another way of looking at this idea is the adage, what gets scheduled gets noticed and gets done. Now I can almost hear some of you saying, “Whoa there, deacon, slow your roll! The commandments say keep holy the Sabbath.” And you would be correct. But the commandment isn’t about what God needs, as much as it is about what we need.

In the Catholic understanding, this idea is called the sacramental principle. Himes gives us a good definition in his writing: If something is always and everywhere the case, it must be noticed, accepted, and celebrated somewhere sometime. What is always true must be noticed as true at a particular time and in a particular place, (Himes, Loc 219).

Going to church teaches us how to pause from all the distractions and the busyness of our lives to notice God’s grace all around us. What is God’s grace? Grace is God’s love outside the Trinity, (Himes, Loc 196). What is the consequence of pausing, noticing, accepting, and celebrating at a particular time and at a particular place?

Hopefully, it’s that we begin to realize that we should not divide our lives between “sacred” and “ordinary”. We cannot separate what happens on Sunday from what happens on Monday, (Himes, Loc 270). And church is not an island of grace isolated from an unholy world, (Himes, 278). Church then is a sign – a sacrament if you will – that the whole world is touched by God’s grace. I realize the world doesn’t really look like that right now, but that’s why spreading the Good News is so important. When we are sent out into the world to share the Good News, the message isn’t, “come to church and be holy.” No, the message is, “you are already filled with God’s grace in a world filled with God’s grace. Isn’t it wonderful? Come with me and let’s celebrate God’s grace together in church,” (Himes, Loc 284).

Do you got it? Do you get it? Good! I can’t wait for us all to be able to go back to church. Now, go make disciples! May Almighty God bless you, Father, Son and Holy Spirit! +Amen!

You’re listening to All Things Catholic. Please send me your questions! You can use the comment form on the website, or send me an email to rudy@deaconrudysnotes.org.

This episode was produced by deacon rudy’s notes. Our theme music was composed by Silent Partner. You can find all sorts of helpful information on the website at www.deaconrudysnotes.org. I’m your host, Deacon Rudy Villarreal. All Things Catholic will be back next month, and as always, the weekend edition will be back this Sunday. Peace!

References:

  1. Himes, Michael. The Mystery of Faith: An Introduction to Catholicism. Cincinnati, OH: St. Anthony Messenger Press, 2004.